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| Roll over ~~~~~~~ Click~~~~~~~ Play (Listen to Dvorak while our Blog opens) | |||
| Generally, the limbic system is considered to be the "emotional brain". |
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The limbic system is tightly connected to the Frontal lobe/prefrontal cortex. A number of closely connected forebrain structures are included in the limbic system. Those different areas of the limbic system have a strong control over emotions such as pleasure, pain, anger, fear, sadness, sexual feelings and affection. The major parts of the limbic system include the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. It is roughly the size of an almond. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and sleep. Thalamus: The thalamus relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and regulates consciousness, sleep, and alertness. Amygdala: The amygdala performs a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions. It is involved with strong feelings of rage or aggression. Hippocampus: The hippocampus helps control the transferring of present experiences into permanent memories. It is also closely linked to the cerebral cortex. In Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage. Memory problems and disorientation appear among the first symptoms. Olfactory Bulb: The olfactory bulbs are located at the base of the forebrain. These structures receive and process information about smell. The fact that our sense of smell is connected to our emotional system, the perfume industry has an excellent business. |
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How is the information from the limbic system transferred to other parts of the brain? |
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The human brain may contain up to one trillion neurons. These neurons are interconnected via neuronal pathways so that they can transmit electrical impulses—and information—to other cells. A message (an electrical impulse) is passed from one neuron to many others along an almost endless number of neuronal pathways. (picture to the right) |
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Because neurons cannot touch each other, the electrical signal or impulse has to change into a chemical signal. electrical signal -- chemical signal -- electrical signal The electrical output signal travels along the axon to the synapse (synaptic terminal) where it triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine (adrenaline) into the synapse. The neurotransmitters are picked up by receptor sites on the dendrite of another neuron where they again are transformed into electrical impulses. |
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| The neurotransmitters at the synapse are important chemicals that affect our emotions: Serotonin is a common neurotransmitter manufactured in the brain where it performs important functions. Besides the brain, 90% of a person's serotonin supply can be found in the digestive tract and in blood. An imbalance of serotonin can affect a person's appetite, mood, memory processing, sleep, sexual desire, and social behavior. Dopamine is another common neurotransmitter that helps control the brain’s reward and pleasure centers. It helps to regulate movement and emotional responses and enables people to see rewards and work towards them. A deficiency in dopamine is the critical factor influencing Parkinson’s disease. Physicians often prescribe dopamine therapy to increase dopamine levels in the brain. (Source: PsychCentral) Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages, and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) . Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It assists in the body's response to stressful situations. It is also involved in increasing blood sugar levels, opening up the bronchial airways, converting bodily fats to fatty acids, controlling heart rate and blood pressure, and participates in the fight-or-flight response. Endorphins (endogenous morphine) Endorphins are endogenous opioid peptides that function as neurotransmitters. They are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in vertebrates during exercise, excitement, pain, consumption of spicy food, love and orgasm. They resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a feeling of well-being. |
![]() The neurotransmitter serotonin also plays a role in aggression. A lack of dopamine reduces frontal lobe activity and has been associated with schizophrenia. Endorphins play a role in the system which produces sensations of pain and pleasure. |
| Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections or neural pathways through repeated action and experience. Neuroplasticity allows the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury, disease, or chemical imbalances and to adjust their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment. Neuroplasticity differs from one individual to another. Because of neuroplasticity, most recent Neuroscientific research shows that action and experience can actually change both the brain's structure and functioning. |
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| Actions: | Neuroscience: (electrical signals or chemical neurotransmitters) Besides neurotransmitters, a number of closely connected forebrain structures are included in the limbic system, which participates in many emotional, learning, and motivational behaviors. Click on the blue links below to return to the definitions in chapter 6 (Emotions and the Brain) of this web page. (Source links will open in a new web page). |
Meditation |
Research on the processes and effects of meditation is a growing subfield of neurological research. Modern scientific techniques and instruments, such as fMRI and EEG, have been used to see what happens in the body of people when they meditate. Meditation changes the brain. Neurological studies have shown substantial bodily changes as a consequence of regular meditative practice including growth in regions of the brain. Richard Davidson, a neuroscientist at the University of Wisconsin, has led experiments in cooperation with the Dalai Lama on effects of meditation on the brain. His results suggest that long-term, or short-term practice of meditation results in different levels of activity in brain regions associated with such qualities as attention, anxiety, depression, fear, anger, the ability of the body to heal itself, and so on. These functional changes may be caused by changes in the physical structure of the brain. Source: DalaiLama.com Sara Lazar, "We use neuroimaging techniques [MRIs] to study neurological, cognitive and emotional changes associated with the practice of meditation and yoga. We also incorporate measures of peripheral physiology (breathing, heart beat) in order to understand how meditation practice influences the brain-body interaction." Sara Lazar Part of the reason for this [research] lies in new, more powerful brain-scanning technologies [MRIs] that not only can reveal a mind in the midst of meditation but also can detect enduring changes in brain activity months after a prolonged course of meditation. And it hasn't hurt that some well-known mainstream neuroscientists are now intrigued by preliminary reports of exceptional Buddhist mental skills. Paul Ekman of the University of California at San Francisco and Stephen Kosslyn of Harvard have begun their own studies of the mental capabilities of monks. In addition, a few rigorous, controlled studies have suggested that Buddhist-style meditation in Western patients may cause physiological changes in the brain and the immune system. Source: New York Times |
Exercise (Endorphins) |
Endorphins
are endogenous opioid peptides that function as neurotransmitters. They are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in vertebrates during exercise, excitement, pain, consumption of spicy food, love and orgasm. They resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a feeling of well-being. Endorphins can be activated by exercising, acupuncture, breast feeding, and deep relaxation. |
Food (Serotonin) |
Eating regularly and at scheduled times is as important as eating a balanced diet. About 90% of the human body's total serotonin is located in the gut where it is used to regulate intestinal movements. Other functions include the regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, memory and learning. Only about 5% of Serotonin is produced in the brain. Serotonin levels are affected by diet. An increase in the ratio of tryptophan to phenylalanine and leucine will increase serotonin levels. Fruits with a good ratio include dates, papayas and bananas. Foods with a lower ratio inhibit the production of serotonin. These include whole wheat and rye bread. Research also suggests eating a diet rich in carbohydrates and low in protein will increase serotonin. There are foods and some nutrients that can increase levels of tryptophan which is the amino acid from which serotonin is made. Eating a carbohydrate-rich meal will have your body trigger a release of insulin. This in turn causes any amino acids in the blood to be absorbed into the body except for tryptophan. It remains in the bloodstream at high levels following a carbohydrate meal, which means it can freely enter the brain and cause serotonin levels to rise. Eating too much of anything though can backfire, so as a rule of thumb it is always best to remember - balance. |
| Sunlight (Serotonin) |
Sunlight has an immediate effect on our mood and how our body processes food. Sunlight also has an effect on serotonin which is involved in the regulation of functions such as mating, feeding, energy balance, and sleep. SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) has been linked to a biochemical imbalance in the brain brought on by the shortening of daylight hours and a lack of sunlight in winter. Read more about SAD below. |
| Dopamine | European scientists discovered Parkinson’s disease patients can suddenly become creative when they take dopamine therapy, producing pictures, sculptures, novels and poetry. However, the extreme focus on the new interests may limit performance of normal daily tasks and social activities. (This explains why many artists with the old creative mind struggled with daily tasks and social relationships as shown in our list of famous people with learning disabilities). Key findings of the above study included: The artwork presented by the patients was mainly drawings/paintings (83%), poetry/novels (50%) and sculpture (28%). In 78% of cases, the patients showed more than one skill, normally writing plus painting or drawing. Some of the patients produced art that was sold and books that were published, but, at the other end of the scale, some of the creative work was of a very poor quality. Source: PsychCentral.com |
| Norepinephrine | Today, scientists do know that people tend to remember extremely happy or sad occasions vividly because of the emotional connection. Extreme emotions trigger the release of a chemical in the brain called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine somehow helps memories last a long time – some even a lifetime. For example, when a person asks, “Where were you when the 9/11 attacks happened?” most people can recall immediately where they were and what they were doing when they heard the news. They remember the moment as if it just happened because a national tragedy arouses emotion and emotion somehow makes memories last for a long time. Source: PsychCentral |
| Human Echolocation | Human echolocation is a learned ability for humans to sense their environment from echoes. This ability is used by some blind people to navigate their environment and sense their surroundings in detail. Studies in 2010 and 2011 using Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques have shown that parts of the brain associated with visual processing are adapted for the new skill of echolocation. The potential powers of the new creative mind are infinite. |
| Equine Therapy | But we must also be aware that starvation itself, alters emotional responses. As an anorexic goes without food, the body responds by resorting to alternative fuel sources. The adrenal glands activate, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine are released, and the anorexic experiences what is known as “starvation high.” In fact, the physiology is not that different from a stimulant medication, or drug. However, as the person is essentially in flight mode, anxiety levels rise, and the desire to restrict food increases to counteract it. Yet, as time goes on, cognitive deterioration is more likely, and the potential to understand what is happening, on a cognitive level, decreases. This also means the anorexic’s chance of recovery declines. So enter a horse. A horse, communicating primarily on a physiological level, uses emotional responses — which have physiological ramifications — to receive and convey messages, read others, and determine roles, expectations and intentions. By responding to the physiology that the client presents with, the horse opens to window to her repressed emotions. PsychCentral The Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association (EAGALA) is dedicated to improving the mental health of individuals, families, and groups around the world by setting the standard of excellence in Equine Assisted Psychotherapy and Equine Assisted Learning, also known as horse therapy or equine therapy. Equine Assisted Psychotherapy (EAP) incorporates horses experientially for emotional growth and learning. EAP is a powerful and effective therapeutic approach that has an incredible impact on individuals, youth, families, and groups. EAP addresses a variety of mental health and human development needs including behavioral issues, attention deficit disorder, autism, PTSD, substance abuse, eating disorders, depression, anxiety, relationship problems and communication needs. EAGALA is an international non-profit organization with locations around the world. To find a program near you, please visit their website. www.eagala.org |
| Balanced actions | We are obviously emotional when it comes to eating, drinking, and sex. The hypothalamus also produces our so-called fight-or- flight response to emergencies. Electrical stimulation to parts of the hypothalamus can produce pleasure, rage, and fear as well as predatory behavior. |
| Smell/scent/aromatherapy | Coming soon. |
| Massage | Coming soon. |
| Laughter | Coming soon. |
| Acupuncture | The limbic system is tightly connected to the Frontal lobe/prefrontal cortex. and there is some evidence that the lobe left prefrontal cortex is activated by positive stimuli. |
IMPORTANT: The fact that the limbic system participates in learning and emotions and the fact that our brain can change and form new neuronal pathways (neuroplasticity) makes each negative and challenging emotion an excellent motivator and messenger that can propel us into action and personal growth. |
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| According to the American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition), below are the signs and symptoms of some mood disorders: |
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| Major Depression in Adults | For a diagnosis, at least five symptoms must be present to the extent that they interfere with daily functioning over a minimal period of two weeks. Depressed mood most of the day Decreased interest/enjoyment in once-favorite activities Significant weight loss/gain Insomnia (too little sleep) or hypersomnia (too much sleep) Psychomotor agitation/retardation Fatigue or loss of energy Low self-esteem; feelings of guilt Decreased ability to concentrate; indecisive Recurrent suicidal ideation or behavior |
| Major Depression in Children or Young People | In children, the above classic symptoms for a major depression often may be obscured by other behavioral and physical complaints: Irritable or cranky mood; Preoccupation with nihilistic song lyrics Loss of interest in sports, video games, and activities with friends Failure to gain weight as normally expected; anorexia or bulimia; frequent complaints of physical illness, e.g., headache, stomach ache Excessive late-night TV; refusal to wake for school in the morning Talk of running away from home, or efforts to do so Persistent boredom Oppositional and/or negative behavior Poor performance in school; frequent absences Recurrent suicidal ideation or behavior |
| Dysthymia | Dysthymia is a mood disorder in which symptoms generally are less severe than in major depression, but the illness is marked by a more chronic and persistent course |
| Bipolar disorder | Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder in which periods of depression alternate with periods of mania (unnaturally high levels of energy, grandiosity, and/or irritability). Bipolar disorder may first appear as a depressed episode. Research has shown that treating unrecognized bipolar depression with antidepressant medications may trigger the manic phase of the illness. Children who have a family history of bipolar disorder will require special treatment considerations that should be addressed in any comprehensive treatment plan. |
Below are some additional topics relating to mood disorders: |
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| Diagnosis | The diagnosis of depression or other psychiatric disorders should be made only in the context of a complete medical examination to identify and/or eliminate any comorbid and/or confounding psychiatric or somatic conditions. More than half of all youth with MDD have other psychiatric disorders, with a significant proportion having two or more disorder Source: American Psychiatric Association DSM-4: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) is the current standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals in the United States. It is intended to be applicable in a wide array of contexts and used by clinicians and researchers of many different orientations (e.g., biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, family/systems). Source: DSM-IV-TR® Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5: The Future of Psychiatric Diagnosis Publication of the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) in May 2013 will mark one the most anticipated events in the mental health field. As part of the development process, the preliminary draft revisions to the current diagnostic criteria for psychiatric diagnoses are now available for public review. We thank you for your interest in DSM-5 and hope that you use this opportunity not only to learn more about the proposed changes in DSM-5, but also about its history, its impact, and its developers. You can search the DSM-5 for changes at: American Psychiatric Association DSM-5 Development |
| Research Studies | The National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH) supports research studies on mental health and disorders. If you are interested in participating in a clinical research on mental health, you can download a free brochure on the following web site: A Participant's Guide to Mental Health Clinical Research. As of March, 2012, the NIH-funded studies are currently recruiting participants in the following mental health topics: Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Panic Disorder Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD, ADD) Autism Spectrum Disorders (Pervasive Developmental Disorders) Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness) Borderline Personality Disorder Depression Eating Disorders HIV/AIDS Schizophrenia and Suicide Prevention Source: National Institute of Mental Health |
| Treatment | The effectiveness of treatment was demonstrated recently in a definitive study supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). The Treatment of Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) showed that a combination of fluoxetine (Prozac®) and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) led to significant clinical improvement in 71% of moderately to severely depressed adolescent patients. Improvement rates for other treatment groups in the study were 61% for fluoxetine alone, 43% for CBT (Cognitive Behavior Therapy) alone, and 35% for placebo. Source: American Psychiatric Association Placebo: A placebo is a fake treatment given to a patient for a disease. Patients that are given a placebo treatment (knowingly or unknowingly) will show an actual improvement in their condition. This phenomenon is called the placebo effect. In medical research, placebos are given as control treatments. Common placebos are inert tablets, 'pretend' surgery, and other procedures. Cognitive Behavior Theory: Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach that includes behavior therapy and talking therapy. Research has shown that CBT is effective for the treatment of a variety of problems, including mood, anxiety, personality, eating, substance abuse, and psychotic disorders. CBT is used in individual therapy as well as group settings, and the techniques are often adapted for self-help applications. "A Harvard scientist says the drugs used to treat depression are effective, but for many, it's not the active ingredient that's making people feel better. It's the placebo effect." Watch the CBS 60 Minutes documentary |
| 1. Hear your brain's SOS message. | Hearing your brain's SOS message is the first important step in dealing with a depression. Failure to recognize the brain's SOS signal can result in alcohol or drug abuse, physical or mental disease, food disorders, heart attack, or loss of life. Drowning out the brain's SOS message through self-destructive behavior like cutting does not change or result in anything. |
| 2. Evaluate the severity of your depression. | Evaluating the severity of your depression is the second most important step in dealing with your brain's SOS message. On a scale of 0 to 10, how emergent is your brain's SOS signal? If necessary, call 911 or a suicide hotline. National Hopeline Network 800-SUICIDE (784-2433) Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week http://www.hopeline.com Suicide Hotline Listings by State http://www.suicidehotlines.com Suicide Prevention Services Depression Hotline 630-482-9696 Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week http://www.spsfv.org/hotlines.htm |
| 3. Understand that you are not alone and that a loss or lack of a resource is part of the human experience. | It is important to understand that your depression makes you a human being and that a lack or loss of a resource is part of the human experience. You are not alone! Look around you - how someone reacts to the lack or loss of a resource varies with each individual. Depending on your empathy and observational skills, you might be able to recognize someone else's SOS signal. How do even the most toughest individuals in your life deal with loss? You might not only gain some amazing insights into the human experience but also learn some amazing traits. These traits that are the tools of writers, painters, actors, musicians, and a creative mind. Many potentially artistic people or people with a creative mind receive the brain's SOS signal (experience depression) as a clear message to explore, discover, nourish, or expand their creative potential! |
| 4. Find out what loss or lack or loss of resource your brain is communicating. | If you do not know what lack or loss of a resource is causing your brain to send a SOS message, there are several choices of things that you can do. You can talk about it to a family member, a friend, a psychologist, a counselor, listen to your dreams, or write (as a means of self exploration). Your goal is to answer the question, "What resource am I lacking or did I lose?" Look for subtle and/or significant changes in your social, economic, physical, or spiritual aspects of your life. By using The Triple A Survival Guide for Emotions software, your feelings can be your guide to discover what lack/loss you are dealing with and what actions you can do. |
| 5. Use your knowledge about Neuroplasticity to respond to your brain's SOS message. | Once you know (or if you already know) what resource you lost or are lacking and understand why your brain is sending you an SOS signal, you can use Action and Experience to respond to your brain's SOS message. |
| The experience, the feeling or reaction that you have after having taken action, is the best indicator how your brain responds to your action and whether you want to repeat that action to form new neuronal pathways. You will know that you are responding to your brain's SOS message and that you are on the right path when you feel a sense of clarity, enlightenment, uplift, satisfaction, and empowerment. |
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| Software program: Action | Experience/Comment: |
| Click on the "Write" option. | Either in the software program or on paper, write about what lack/loss of a resource you think is causing your depression. Do not expect to already know exactly what lack/loss of a resource is causing your depression (your brain's SOS message). The process of writing is an inner exploration. By writing, you are slowly accessing different regions in your brain. You might think one thing is causing your depressed feelings, but through the process of writing you might discover that it is actually something else. Follow your brain's SOS message. Feeling pain or crying while writing are a sign that you are getting closer to the source of your depression. |
| Talking | Unless you find out what loss/lack of resource you are dealing with, it will be difficult to respond to your depression. Similar to writing, talking can be an excellent way to explore something. Try to talk to different people to see which ones help you gain more insight what is causing your depression. Try talking to family members, a psychologist, a counselor, friends..... Make sure that you note in your software program how talking (and with whom) made you feel. |
| Listening | If you know what lack/loss of resource is causing your depressed feelings, the action of "listening" is very powerful. If you have the chance to join a support group for even just one session, it might be a great opportunity to try out the "listening" action at least just once. There are support groups for many losses. Since your goal is to try "listening" rather than talking for this action, we do not recommend an online experience. The only way for you to find out whether a support group contributes to you forming new neuronal pathways or not is to try it out. Record in your software program how you felt after just one visit. If it was a positive experience, you can repeat it. If not, you have no obligation to do it again. The choice is always your. |
| Antidepressant Medication - record your experience | If your psychologist or psychiatrist prescribes antidepressant medication, you can use the software program to record your experiences while being under medication. Do not stop taking any medication without the consultation of your doctor! However, merely taking medication does not respond to your lack/loss of a resource. With or without medication, your brain's SOS message might come back even louder if you do not respond to the lack/loss of resource that you are experiencing. |
| Antidepressant Medication - read & research |
We highly recommend PsychCentral or the National Institute of Health to read the most current research on antidepressant medication. You can find a wealth of the newest research. (It is changing constantly!)
Here is an excerpt from PsychCentral: "Although it is widely believed that a Serotonin deficiency plays a role in depression, there is no way to measure its levels in the living brain. Therefore, there have not been any studies proving that brain levels of this or any neurotransmitter are in short supply when depression or any mental illness develops. And while blood levels of serotonin are measurable — and have been shown to be lower in people who suffer from depression — what doctors still don’t know for certain is whether or not the dip in serotonin causes the depression, or the depression causes serotonin levels to drop." (PsychCentral) If you do take antidepressant medication, don't forget to read the description that comes with your medication. If you did not get one, please ask your doctor or pharmacist for it. The FDA requires all antidepressants to carry a black box warning stating that antidepressants may increase the risk of suicide in persons younger than 25. After doing the action of "read & research", record in your software program how you felt afterwards. Your goal is to form new neuronal pathways and if reading makes you feel empowered, try to include reading about topics that help you on a regular basis. |
| Food | Many people wonder if Serotonin can be influenced by diet. Sera ton in is a neurotransmitter that works especially along a neuron's synapses. Because of the brain-blood barrier, the brain is protected by access of many substances. Serotonin levels are affected by diet. An increase in the ratio of tryptophan to phenylalanine and leucine will increase serotonin levels. Fruits with a good ratio include dates, papayas and bananas. Foods with a lower ratio inhibit the production of serotonin. These include whole wheat and rye bread. Research also suggests eating a diet rich in carbohydrates and low in protein will increase serotonin. There are foods and some nutrients that can increase levels of tryptophan which is the amino acid from which serotonin is made. Eating a carbohydrate-rich meal will have your body trigger a release of insulin. This in turn causes any amino acids in the blood to be absorbed into the body except for tryptophan. It remains in the bloodstream at high levels following a carbohydrate meal, which means it can freely enter the brain and cause serotonin levels to rise. Eating too much of anything though can backfire, so as a rule of thumb it is always best to remember - balance. Eating a balanced supply of food is important for everyone, but especially for people dealing with depression since energy, appetite, and nutritional needs are easily affected by one's mental state. Eating regularly and at scheduled times is as important as eating a balanced diet. About 90% of the human body's total serotonin is located in the gut where it is used to regulate intestinal movements. Other functions include the regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, memory and learning. Only about 5% of Sera ton in is produced in the brain. Keep a schedule of when you are supposed to eat and try to stick to it. While it can be a challenge (especially during difficult times), it will take care of your nutritional needs and not add on any physical challenges in add it on to dealing with a depression. One of the fun actions to do when using the Triple A Survival Guide for Emotions is trying out the effects of different foods on one's mental state. Strawberries, bananas, pineapple, juicy apples, potatoes, spaghetti, and even chocolate - are some ideas that have worked for some people. Unprocessed, uncolored, and food without preservatives are the most recommended types of food to eat. |
| SAD/ Sunlight | A most often overlooked factor in a discussion about depression is light, specifically sunlight. Sunlight has an immediate effect on our mood and how our body processes food. Sunlight also has an effect on serotonin which is involved in the regulation of functions such as mating, feeding, energy balance and sleep. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association, SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) is “...'a real mood disorder that requires diagnosis and may require treatment. If you regularly experience a significant, lasting, downturn of mood when the weather gets colder and daylight lessens then you should consider consulting a psychiatrist or other health professional to discuss your symptoms,' says Douglas Jacobs, M.D., Executive Director of the nonprofit organization Screening for Mental Health and Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. SAD has been linked to a biochemical imbalance in the brain brought on by the shortening of daylight hours and a lack of sunlight in winter. The most difficult months for SAD sufferers are January and February. Younger persons and women are thought to be at higher risk. There is also some evidence suggesting that the farther someone lives from the equator, the more likely they are to develop SAD. Whereas the exact number of Americans suffering from SAD is not known, it is believed that between 10 and 20 percent of the U.S. population may suffer from mild symptoms associated with the disorder. These symptoms can include: - excessive sleeping, difficulty staying awake, overeating, and weight gain during the fall or winter months; - feelings of extreme fatigue, inability to maintain regular lifestyle schedule; - depression (feelings of sadness, loss of feelings, apathy) combined with irritability; - lack of interest in social interactions, losing interest in activities of enjoyment; - remission of symptoms in the spring and summer months." American Psychiatry Association Research on the effects of light therapy on seasonal affective disorder suggests that light deprivation is related to decreased activity in the serotonergic system and to abnormalities in the sleep cycle, particularly insomnia. Exposure to light also targets the serotonergic system, providing more support for the important role this system may play in depression. Sleep deprivation and light therapy both target the same brain neurotransmitter system and brain areas as antidepressant drugs, and are now used clinically to treat depression. Try out the effects of sunlight on your mood. Spend just 5 minutes in the sunlight and enjoy the warmth and light. By recording your action and experience in your Triple A software program, you will have a record of what to do when you might need it most. |
| Sleep | Besides food and light, sleep (or the lack thereof) is an important factor in responding to the brain's SOS signal. Finding a balance of how many hours of sleep is beneficial versus how many hours of sleep is an escape is an individual experience. If possible, establishing a sleep pattern (time and amount of sleep at night that are beneficial, and nap hours) can be beneficial in dealing with a depression. Light therapy, sleep deprivation, and sleep time displacement (sleep phase advance therapy) are being used in combination to interrupt a deep depression in hospitalized patients. |
| Exercise | "Exercise can do a lot to improve your mood — and across the board, studies have shown that regular exercise can be as effective a treatment for depression as antidepressant medication or psychotherapy. In the past, it was believed that several weeks of working out was necessary to see the effects on depression, but new research conducted at the University of Texas at Austin found that just 40 minutes of regular exercise can have an immediate effect on mood." (PsychCentral) Endorphins are endogenous opioid peptides that function as neurotransmitters. They are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus during exercise, excitement, pain, consumption of spicy food, love and orgasm. They resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a feeling of well-being. Endorphins can be activated by exercising, acupuncture, breast feeding, and deep relaxation. |
| Herbs | Herbs have the power to heal and to harm. Many herbs sold in non-specialized stores have been processed or manufactured in a way that little or none of their benefits remain. The only benefit is for the stores, not the consumers. St. John's Wort, which is commonly sold as an antidepressant herb can result in sera ton in syndrome. " Serotonin syndrome can occur when you increase the dose of such a drug or add a new drug to your regimen. Certain illicit drugs and dietary supplements are also associated with serotonin syndrome. .. But too much serotonin causes symptoms that can range from mild — shivering and diarrhea — to severe — muscle rigidity, fever and seizures. Severe serotonin syndrome can be fatal if not treated." Mayo Clinic Learning about herbs and their power is an exciting experience that involves smelling, touching, seeing, and breathing them in. Investigate in the yellow pages, colleges, with medical providers, or specialty stores to find the right teacher. |
| Selflessness | We highly recommend learning the skill of selflessness during times when you are not focused on your depression. Selflessness is a skill that has to be learned and exercised like any other skill until it becomes automatic. Selflessness includes doing something for somebody or something else because it is done for them. Actions that exercise selflessness are taking an animal for a walk, petting an animal, doing chores for someone, doing community service, giving someone a massage, writing something nice to someone, ... coming up with actions for selflessness is only limited by the creative mind. Like food, regularity is important for learning selfless actions. Some people use the term Altruism instead of selflessness. Pure altruism consists of sacrificing something for someone other than the self (e.g. sacrificing time, energy or possessions) with no expectation of any compensation or benefits, either direct, or indirect. Selflessness is a chosen action to go beyond one's own "self" and it is one of the highest signs of Personal Growth. As such - in making the choice to be selfless- one becomes part of a wider universe and vast cosmos (order). It is the very same cosmos that is responsible for the brain's SOS signal, the depression. (More details are discussed in our What's the Deal with Learning Disability eBook) |

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